Literature review compilations Essay Example for Free

Literature review compilations Essay1. Rao, V. (1993). The rising price of married mans A hedonic analysis of portion increases in countrified India. daybook of Political Economy, 666-677. need and prey Attempts to investigate the reasons behind the increase in luck . Methods It adapts Rosens implicit market model to the Indian trades union market and tests predictions from the model with data from six vill yearss in South Central India and from the Indian census Theories Using utility(prenominal) fail, U is assumed to be maximized, devoted that U is the utility function which represent the habitation preferences. The function leave alone be U = U(X,W,H). Where X refers to purpose of goods, W refers to the desirable traits of the bride and her family and H is traits of the groom. Main Findings It is found that a marriage squeeze caused by population growth, resulting in larger younger cohorts and hence a surplus of women in the marriage market, has played a sig nifi bottomt role in the rise in dowries. ( Surplus of women over man at mature ages)2. Skogrand, L. M., Schramm, D. G., Marshall, J. P., Lee, T. R. (2005). The cause of debt on newlyweds and implications for education. journal of extension, 43(3), 1. Motivation and physical object Examines the relationship among newlywed debt, selected demographic variable quantitys, and newlywed levels of marital satisfaction and adjustment.. Methods A 38-item survey was mail to a random sample of 2,823 newlywed couples in a western state. The couples names were randomly chosen from the marriage licenses that were filed within the state during a six-month period. Husbands and wives were asked to end up their surveys separately.The response rate was 40%, with 1,010 couples responding.Theories and tools Marital satisfaction was measured using the Kansas Marital Satisfaction Scale (KMSS) (Schumm et al., 1986), and marital adjustment was measured using the revise Dyadic Adjustment Scale (RDA S) (Busby, Crane, Christensen, Larson, 1995). The KMSS and RDAS argon established measures for assessing marital satisfaction and adjustment, both having correlation coefficients above .78. Main Findings The findings from this study indicate that entering marriage with consumer debt has a negative impact on newlywed levels of marital quality. The large majority (70%) of newlyweds in this study brought debt into their marriage relationship. This amount of debt, along with other expenses associated with couples tooth root their lives together, are likely todistract couples from the contrivemental task of building a strong marriage relationship during the first few months and long time of marriage polity recommendation .- Because many individuals marry with no more than a high school education, educating individuals about debt and its potentially negative impact on marriage relationships should begin in high school. This may be one way to help couples achieve healthier marriages 3 . S. Dalmia (2004). A hedonic analysis of marriage doings in India estimating de limitinants of dowries and demandfor groom characteristics in marriage. Research in Economics 58 (2004) 235255. Motivation and objective This idea uses data from a retrospective sample survey to develop and test a framework capable of explaining destiny exchange and groom selection in India.Methods Using a sample of 1037 households between 1956 and 1994, this paper develops and tests a framework capable of explaining marriage transactions and groom selection in India. Theories and tools It adapts Rosens (1974) implicit market model and takes the view that dowry is a transparent economic transaction that functions to equalize the value of marriage services exchanged by the households of the bride and groom. Main Findings Consistent with ethnographic evidence, results indicate that dowries are higher in regions more to the north. Most measurablely, contrary to popular belief, it is found that hold ing groom characteristics constant, real dowries have decreased over time. Finally, in estimating the parameters of the demand functions for a score of groom attri thates, results show that the most important determinants of demand for various groom attributes are price of the attribute, brides traits, and the socio-economic circumstance of the brides household 4. Siwan Anderson (2007). The Economics of luck and Brideprice. Journal of Economic PerspectivesVolume 21, Number 4Fall 2007Pages 151174Motivation and objective This paper first establishes some basic facts about the prevalence and magnitude of marriage payments. It then discusses how such patterns vary across countries depending upon economic conditions, societal structures, institutions, and family characteristics. Theories and tools The descriptions of marriage payments in this paper are synthesizedfrom a patchwork of studies across periods, places, and thus far epochs, and there are doubtless numerous cases which re main undocumented.Discussion Economists interest in marriage payments partly stems from their potential to affect the wealth distribution across gene symmetryns and families.However, economic analysis has not directly investigated these welfare impacts of marriage payments. In this respect, marriage transfers which are destined for the couple, either in the form of dowry or dower, may function differently from those which are paid directly from one fixed of parents to the other, like bride price or groom price. The antecedent payment is an inter extensional transfer. The latter(prenominal) forms a circulating fund, with receipt for marriages of one sex being used to pay for marriages of children of the other. 5. Sarwat Afzal Imtiaz Subhani (2009). To Estimate An Equation Explaining The Determinants Of helping. Iqra UniversityMotivation and objective The focus of this study is to judge an equation explaining the determinants of dowry. Methods The data of 140 respondents is use d to interpret the variables to determine the dowry size, data set on bride-groom characteristics and dowry. The study has been focused on analysis that dowry paid is dependent on which variables Subject in the rural subcontinent. Since the objective of study is to estimate the equation explaining the determinant of dowry so all the variables given in the data are takes as independent and the dowry paid is taken as dependent variable. Theories and tools This paper determine the determinants of dowry, using multiple relapsing analysis, the author used the ANOVA table, R2 value to tabulate the determinants of dowry price. Main Findings This research suggested that dowry paid is based on the status and the affluence of husbands family as well as the education of the husbands get that are the important determinants of the incidence of dowries. The influence of husbands father education is accounted as a predictor for the transcription of dowry paid6. Edlund, L. (2006). The price of marriage Net vs. gross flows and the South Asian dowry debate. Journal of the European Economic Association, 4(23), 542-551.Motivation and objective The rise in dowry payments in India has been taken as evidence that women increasingly are at a disadvantage on the marriagemarket and must pay for marriage. Moreover, high dowries, it is argued, add to the plight of parents of daughters and have thus contributed to the scarcity of women (brides). However, the logic is curious, and, this paper argues, flawed. The term dowry can mean different things, and it may be useful to distinguish between the assets the bride brings at the time of marriage (gross dowry) and those netted against the groom payments (net dowry).The former is what is generally meant by dowry, while the latter is a concept used mainly by economists Methods Data are from a retrospective survey of marriages conducted in 1983 by the International Crops Research base for the Semi- Arid Tropics (ICRISAT). These data have b een used in a number of studies of South Asian dowry inflation. ICRISAT conducted a stratified random sample of 40 households each from six villages in South- central India. The first household married in 1923 and the last in 1978. Main Findings Empirically, the paper has shown that in a much-used data set on dowry inflation, net dowries did not increase in the period after 1950, belying claims of new increases. Moreover, variables designed to capture marriage-squeeze or male relative to female person heterogeneity failed to move dowries in the inhabited direction.7. Balwick, J. (1975). The function of the dowry remains in a rapidly modernizing society The case of Cyprus. International Journal of Sociology of the Family, 158-167.Motivation and objective The purpose of this paper is to examine the functional relationship between the dowry system and modernization for the country of Cyprus. Two inferences tried to be drawn in this paper are attempt to develop is two 1) the dowry s ystem has served a latent function in encouraging a rapid rate of urban, Industrial, and technological development in Cyprus and (2) that the rapid rate of technological development in Cyprus, along with new concepts of marital arrangement, are weakening the importance of the dowry system Methods The analysis of this papers topic bequeath begin by considering the function of the dowry system in Traditional Greek Cypriot society, move to a consideration of the function of the dowry system during rapid modernization, turn to a consideration of the effect of modernization upon the dowry system, and conclude byspeculating as to the possible effect which a decline in the dowry system will have upon marriage.Main Findings modernization is a threat to the continued liveence of the dowry system. The argument was made that, besides the major aspects of modernization themselves, the concept of quixotic love, as a byproduct of a largely western stimulated modernization process, has been dam aging to the dowry system. However, to so speculate about the future effects of modernization in Cyprus only points to the necessity for affectionate scientists to utilize the situations created in developing countries to further examine the relationships between modernization and amicable structures.8. Gaulin, S. J., Boster, J. S. (1990). Dowry as female competition. American Anthropologist, 92(4), 994-1005.Motivation and objective The purpose of this paper is to prove that dowry as a reproductive tactic used by prospective brides and their kin to attract the wealthiest bridegroom. The authors attempt to explain not only the rarity of dowry, but also why it occurs in the societies it does. Methods and theories The analysis of this papers topic will begin by considering the female-competition model. The female-competition model assumes that, in Homo sapiens as in other animals, the behaviors associated with pair formation can be interpreted as (possibly unconscious) reproductiv e tactics. The authors interpret the bias in marriage transactions as reflecting a bias in competition for marriage partners. Dowry is their dependent variable the independent variables in the female-competition model are social stratification and marital form. They grouped the existing categories to create dichotomous variable. Main Findings The female-competition model is correct the authors would expect the largest dowry payments to flow from the middle class to the elite, as women in the middle tier compete for husbands in the highest9. Rao, V. (1993). Dowry inflation in rural India A statistical investigation. Population Studies, 47(2), 283-293.Motivation and objective The author of this paper look more directly at the causes of the increase of dowry (investigate the reasons behind the rise in the real value of dowries in rural India)and use unique data collected from a small sample of households by the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) . Methods and theories The data used in this paper are from a random sample of 40 households, 30 cultivating and 10 laboring, per village, from six villages in cardinal districts of rural South-Central India. The surveys were conducted by ICRISAT, the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics.15 The districts are Akola and Sholapur in Maharashtra state, and Mahbubnagar in Andhra Prades. A quadratic ad hocation of dowry determinants is estimated. Correlations values between variables, OLS , and other statistical tools are being used. Main Findings The empirical results support the hypothesis that the marriage squeeze has played a significant part in causing dowry inflation.The size of the dowry transfer also seems to be affected by hyper gamy, indicated by the difference in the amount of land possess by the parents of the respective spouses before the marriage. Due to the small size of the sample and the respondents lack of accuracy in reporting their ages a t marriage, not much can be said about the impact of age or other potential determinants on the transfer. At the district level, however, the marriage squeeze does seem to head in reducing differences in the ages at marriage of men and woman. 10. Teays, W. (1991). The burning bride The dowry problem in India. Journal of Feminist Studies in Religion, 29-52. Motivation and objective The author consider the issue of dowry, its roots in custom and religious tradition, as well the ways in which the dowry system has produce a dowry problem with daily dowry deaths, usually of young and often pregnant women. Main Findings Females being devalued in the Hindu world.The internalization of that devaluation is testify by the numbers of mothers-in-law and sisters-in-law who actively participate in dowry murder. Marriage has become a commercial transaction complete with negotiate. Traditionally dowries were limited by convention and coterie-social realities, but now the demands are out of co ntrol. The growing trend of dowry murders only reflects the socio-economic crisis in India. 11. Zhang, J., Chan, W. (1999). Dowry and Wifes Welfare A Theotrical and Empirical Analysis. Journal of Political Economy, 107(4), 786-808.Motivation and objective This paper offers an alternative analysis. Where dowry are claimed to be not only increases the wealth of the new conjugal household but also enhances the bargaining power of the bride in the allocation of output within that household, thereby safeguarding her welfare. 2 hypotheses Dowry increases the resources available to the brides new family Dowry increases the bride bargaining position in the family, as well as her welfare.Methods and theories This study uses data from the 1989 Taiwan Women and Family Survey,an island wide probability survey of women aged 2560 years of all marital statuses and from different geographical locations. The female respondents provide socioeconomic information on their parents, their husbands, and themselves. An important feature of the data is that these women report transfers on dowries and bride prices related to their marriages. All these variables are then measured using statistical tools. Main Findings The result supported the theoretical prediction that a dowry improves the wifes welfare through both income and bargaining effects. The result also shows that a dowry is indeed a property under the wifes control. Bride-price reduces the transaction cost involved in recovering the appropriate shares of marital output by each party, a dowry enhances the brides position in the household and safeguards her welfare.12. Bishai, D., Falb, K. L., Pariyo, G., Hindin, M. J. (2009). Bride price and knowledgeable encounter taking in Uganda. African journal of reproductive health, 13(1). Motivation and objective This study assessed the relationship of bride price to sexual risk taking based on a large, population based survey. Methods and theories Data were collected on bride pri ces for 592 married women in 12 districts in Uganda in 2001. supreme for covariates, we found that having had a bride price significantly lowered the wifes odds of sexual intercourse with a partner other than the spouse (OR= 0.222 95% CI= 0.067, 0.737). compulsive for covariates, bride price increased the husbands odds of non-spousal sexual intercourse (OR=1.489 95% CI= 0.746, 2.972). Main Findings Bride price payment is statistically significantly associated with lower rates of non-spousal sexual contact in women, but isnot, statistically significantly associated with higher rates in men13. Dalmia, S., Lawrence, P. G. (2005). The institution of dowry in India Why it continues to prevail. The Journal of growing Areas, 38(2), 71-93.Motivation and objective This article empirically examines dowries in India and provides an institutional and economic rationale for the existence and continued prevalence of the system. Main Findings Using data on marriage transactions and on the per sonal and family traits of marital partners the article demonstrates that payments of dowry serve to equalize the measurable differences in individual characteristics of the brides and grooms and their respective households. Thus, dowry qualifies as the price paid for a good match in the marriage market. Results also reveal that the form of inheritance system, the residence of the bride after marriage, and the gender ratio of marriageable women to men have no effect on the incidence and size of dowry14. DiamondSmith, N., Luke, N., McGarvey, S. (2008). Too many girls, too much dowry son preference and daughter aversion in rural Tamil Nadu, India. Culture, health sexuality, 10(7), 697-708. Motivation and objective The southern Indian state of Tamil Nadu has experience a dramatic decline in fertility, accompanied by a trend of increased son preference. This paper reports on findings from qualitative interviews with women in rural villages about their fertility decision-making which is due to the dowry rate. Main Findings Findings suggest that daughter aversion, fuelled primarily by the perceived economic burden of daughters due to the proliferation of dowry, is playing a larger role in fertility decision-making than son preference.15. Rozario, S. (2002). Grameen Bank-style microcredit Impact on dowry and womens solidarity. Development Bulletin, 57, 67-70.Motivation and objective This article focuses on two specific problems connected with Grameen Bank-style microcredit in Bangladesh its negative impact on womens solidarity, and its consequences for the practice of dowry payments. Main Findings Findings suggest that Unmarried women are notaccepted in the microcredit samities and so cannot receive loans. The argument is that they will get married and go away to their husbands village, then who will repay their loan? This denies any opportunity to bare(a) groups, like unmarried women and, of course, widows and abandoned women. Such policies also mean that unma rried women are made completely dependent financially on the mercy of their families.16. Kazi Abdur Rouf, (2012) A feminist interpretation of Grameen Bank Sixteen terminations campaign, Humanomics, Vol. 28 Iss 4, pp.285 296. Motivation and objective The purpose of this paper is to look at Grameen Bank (GB) Sixteen Decisions campaigns and its implications to feminism and to examine the degree to which women borrowers of the Grameen Bank are empowered to participate in familial decision-making around dowry and teenage marriage and to develop their public spaces in the community.Moreover, the paper critically looks at the GB women borrowers development through the Sixteen Decisions Design/methodology/approach The study uses multiple research methods. It reviews and analyzes GB Sixteen Decision texts and feminist literature, uses survey method to collect data from Grameen Bank micro borrowers in 2011 and uses secondary data. Main Findings This study still finds the gender equality issues exist in the Grameen Bank Sixteen Decisions texts and the Sixteen Decisions campaign strategies for women borrowers empowerment especially due to the issue of dowry. Policy Recommendation This critical analysis is very important to empower Grameen Bank women borrowers because the campaign should be made more effective in addressing womens issues like dowry-less marriage.Grameen Bank should revise the Sixteen Decisions texts and support borrowers in their anti-dowry and anti-teen age marriage campaign in Bangladesh. 17. Tenhunen, S. (2008). The gift of money rearticulating tradition and market economy in rural West Bengal. Modern Asian Studies, 42(5), 1035-1055. Motivation and objective This article examines the rise of dowry system injanta, a West Bengali village in the Bankura district, where the dowry payments are a relatively new phenomenon. The oldest generation in Janta had experienced times when no demands for money or other gifts had been made during marriage arrangem ents, but since the 1950S huge dowry payments have become the central financial transactions in the region. In addition to oral history interviews on dowrypractices, the author draws from his research on the changes in caste, gender and class relationships in the village. Findings The gift of money does not merely represent class and economic identities, rather, its introduction is connected to a reconstruction of gender and caste identities as well.The article demonstrates how the giving of money has influenced other categories of gifts, while the market logic has drawn from cultural considerations. Yet, money is not the only agent in the process gifts are essentially about constructing social and cultural identities the interconnected domains of gender, kinship, caste and class. The introduction of the monetary gift has made it possible to make connections and set a price on different aspects of personhood facilitating and intensifying the connections between different discourses on personhood. 18. Shenk, M. K. (2007). Dowry and public policy in contemporary India. Human Nature, 18(3), 242-263.Motivation and objective . This paper argues that a functionalist perspective on dowry could lead to improved dowry policy, and that an approach based in human behavioral bionomics (HBE) is uniquely suited to this task. Design/methodology/approach The author develop a behavioral ecology model of Indian dowry and test it with valued and qualitative data Main Findings The author conclude that if dowry legislation is to achieve broad support or bring about effective social change, it must address and support the positive motivations for and effects of dowry and take a targeted approach to dowry violence, which is not uniformly distributed across regions, castes, or social19. Rao, V. P., Rao, V. N. (1980). The dowry system in Indian marriages attitudes, expectations and practices. International Journal of Sociology of the Family, 99-113..Motivation and objective The s tudy examined the students expectations of dowry for persons with different educational background, their attitudes and feelings about the dowry system, and the practices of dowry payments in immediate and kin families Design/methodology/approach The questionnaire method was used to collect data from a sample of 585 college students fromIndia Main Findings The study revealed that the middling dowry expectation were not consistent With the number of years of education but were in line with the prestige of education. Non-Hindus, metropolitan residents, high socioeconomic status students, and medical students expected higher dowry than their counterparts.The majority of the respondents considered dowry unimportant in settling a marriage and felt that the present dowry system should be discontinued. However, most of the respondents brothers received dowry while their families gave dowry to their sisters. The kin families also practiced dowry payment at the time of marriage. The studen ts seemed equalitarian in terms of control over the dowry as most believed that both husband and wife should decide how to spend it. Inconsistency in the attitudes are also observed as three-fourths of the sample considered dowry unimportant in the settlement of a marriage but nearly one-third of the males and 40 per cent of their parents expected to receive dowry when the respondents got married.20. Freed, R. S., Freed, S. A. (1989). Beliefs and practices resulting in female deaths and fewer females than males in India. Population and Environment, 10(3), 144-161. Motivation and objective. A preference for sons and the low status of females are implicated in the preponderance of males over females as reported in each census of India from the first one taken in the 19th century. A number of cultural practices, some of which are quite ancient, are involved in this such as sexual imbalance and dowry murder. This discussion is sees the determinants of female deaths in India. Design/met hodology/approach This discussion is based both on 19th and 20th century sources and on fieldwork conducted in the North Indian village of Shanti Nagar in 195859 and 197778. Findings It is found that dowry act as one of the determinants that resulted in female deaths which is more commonly known as Dowry Murder Policy Recommendation The modern Government of India has sought to abolish dowry which would, presumably, put an end to dowry murder.

Finite Element Analysis Of A Load Cell Engineering Essay

Finite Element psychoanalysis Of A Load Cell Engineering EssayIn recent years, the versatile mechanical weighing machines turn out been replaced by electromechanical industrial and commercial panel-top versions. In modern types of weighing machines, an electrical signal that is directly proportional to the encumbrance is provided for further processing by a microprocessor. The conversion from the mechanical quantity of mass or weight into an electrical signal is carried out by the contribution of art termed the gist cubicle (Karaus and Paul, 1992). The load prison electric cellphone is a ram sensor that is used in weighing equipment. Most conventional load cells, for fill of 1000 kg or more, contain a spring element made from steel, which deforms under the load that is measured by sensor element, as shown in epithet 1.1. Usu tot onlyyy, the sensor element consists of number of resistive strain gauges that atomic number 18 glued to the spring element. However, the accura cy of load cells is limited by the hysteresis and creep and to minimise these issuings, expensive high-grade steels argon required (Wiegerink et al., 2000) direct 1.1 Load cell concept of operationLoad cells ar used in several industrial weighing applications. As the signal processing and control systems ejectnot operate correctly if they receive inaccurate input data, compensation of the imperfections of sensor response is one of the nigh important problems in sensor research. Influence of unwanted signals, non-ideal frequency response, parameter drift, nonlinearity, and cross sensitivity are the major defects in the primary sensors (Karaus and Paul, 1992 Piskorowski and Barcinski, 2008). Load cells have an oscillatory response which always needs time to settle down. Dynamic measurement refers to the ascertainment of the final value of a sensor signal while its sidetrack is still in oscillation. It is, therefore, necessary to determine the value of the measure and in the fast est time possible to speed up the process of measurement, which is of particular immenseness in rough applications. One example of processing to the sensor output signal is filtering to achieve response correction (Piskorowski and Barcinski, 2008).In this get wind, Finite Element Analysis (FEA) is conducted on a typical load cell. The adjudicate and displacement of the load cell were modeled using the FE package. Moreover, manual calculations were performed and the results are compared with the model predictions.2. gloryThe geometry of the load cell is relatively complex. It is therefore, was simplified to ease the construction and utilisation of the modelling techniques. The start-off phase in idealisation is to implement symmetry in modeling. Also, the f number and lower surfaces of the load cell are assumed horizontal and totally flat to ease modelling process. For the saltation conditions, the load cell is contacting contumacious surface through its bottom surface i.e. the seating face. Therefore, the boundary conditions at this contact face are no allowed any translation motion in x-direction and similarly in y-direction. Details of idealisation pass on be discussed in the latter shares.2.1 Approximate judge calculationAs it is known, the Hook s lawfulness place be expressed as(2.1)Thus, the normal extend under tension or compression is directly proportional to the relative propagation or shortening of the bar. The proportionally factor , which links the normal focal point with the relative elongation, is called the modulus of elasticity of the material under tension (compression). The greater the modulus of elasticity of a material, the less(prenominal) the bar is stretched or compressed provided all opposite conditions remain unchanged. It should be borne in mind that Hook s law has been represented by a formula which sums up the experimental data only approximately it thronenot therefore be considered an accurate relation (Quek and Liu, 2003).In order to manually evaluate the tense set, the positions of the neutral bloc were firstly evaluated. For any rectangular cross sections, it is plunge that the neutral axis is to pass at the sections mid bakshish. Therefore, it is considered that the mid section of the well-tried load cell takes the form of cantilever beam, which is subjected to normal force and accordingly a bending moment as shown in trope 2.1. It was also considered as an assumption that the left slew side of the mid section of the load cell is restrained in all the degrees of freedom. It was also assumed that the normal force and the bending moment are acting on the right go side of the simulated load cell s section.Figure 2.1 representation of the section as cantilever beamAs the load is acted the result will be the bending moment which can be evaluated using the following expression.(2.2)The sue of the bending moment is the expected deformation that will take place. For the clockwise ing raining moments, the cross-sections located above the neutral axis will be subjected to elastic stresses whereas the cross-sections at the other side will experience compressive stresses. The orbit of the cross section can be evaluated from(2.3)Given that b and h are the largeness and the height of the beam, the second inertial moment for the cell s cross section (i.e. rectangular shape) can be evaluated from(2.4)The stress determine at the area where the strain gauge is mounted are evaluated for the sections above the neutral axis (+ sign) and below the neutral axis (? sign) as follows(2.5)Therefore, the stresses for the section above the neutral axis are evaluated atN/m22.2 Approximate displacement calculationBy using equation (2.1, the strain can be evaluated asGiven that the Poisson s ratio is expressed as the ratio of the transverse to axial elongations, therefore(2.6)ThereforeSame procedures can also be applied to evaluate the elongation in the z-direction, as interchangea ble value of the strain will be obtained in this direction.3. Finite Element Model3.1 Model justificationThe geometry of the load cell is illustrated in Figure 3.1 and the dimensions are listed in Table 3.1. Three dimensional proper FE model has been created using the commercial SolidWorks package. The load cell has a simple construction with a uniform thickness throughout. The load can be applied via rods screwed into the M10 threads through two holes at the two ends so that the load can be either tensile or compressive.Figure 3.1 (a) 2-D projection of load cell model and (b) basic geometryTable 3.1 Dimensions and properties of the load cellDimension (mm)Modulus(GN/m2)Ratio(mm)Wherever there is symmetry in the problem it should be made use. By doing so, lot of memory requirement is reduced or in other words more elements can be used with the use of a refined go for the same processing time. When symmetry is to be used, it is worth to note that at the right angles to the line of sy mmetry the displacement is zero (Belyaev, 1979 Rao, 2010). For the load cell make-believe in this study, planar symmetry is used, curb Figure 3.2.Figure 3.2 Views of planar symmetry as applied to the load cellIn the FEA, stiffness matrix of size 1000 1000 or even more is not uncommon. Hence, memory requirement for storing stiffness matrix would be very high. If the user tries to implement the Gaussian elimination straight, he will end up with the problem of memory shortage. So, to reduce memory requirement, according to Belyaev (1979) and Rao (2010), the following techniques are used to store the stiffness matrices* Use of symmetry and band reputation* Partitioning of matrix (frontal solution).* Skyline storage.3.3 Stress rising effectIn the development of the basic stress equations for tension, compression, bending, and torsion, it was assumed that no geometric irregularities occurred in the member under consideration. But it is quite difficult to design a machine without permit ting some changes in the cross sections of the members. Rotating shafts must have shoulders designed on them so that the bearings can be properly seated and so that they will take thrust loads and the shafts must have key slots machined into them for securing pulleys and gears. A run out has a head on one end and screw threads on the other end, both of which account for abrupt changes in the cross section. former(a) parts require holes, oil grooves, and notches of various kinds. Any discontinuity in a machine part alters the stress distribution in the neighborhood of the discontinuity so that the dewy-eyed stress equations no longer describe the stress state in the part at these locations. Such discontinuities are called stress raisers, and the regions in which they occur are called areas of stress submergence.The distribution of elastic stress across a section of a member may be uniform as in a bar in tension, linear as a beam in bending, or even rapid and curvaceous as in a aggressively curved beam. Stress concentrations can arise from some irregularity not inherent in the member, such as tool marks, holes, notches, grooves, or threads. The nominal stress is said to exist if the member is free of the stress raiser. This definition is not always honored, so chip shot the definition on the stress-concentration chart or table you are using.A theoretical, or geometric, stress-concentration factor or is used to relate the actual maximum stress at the discontinuity to the nominal stress. The factors are defined by Belyaev (1979) aswhere is used for normal stresses and for shear stresses. The nominal stress or is more difficult to define. Generally, it is the stress calculated by using the elementary stress equations and the net area, or net cross section. But sometimes the gross cross section is used instead, and so it is always wise to double check your source of or before calculating the maximum stress. The subscript in means that this stress-concentratio n factor depends on the geometry of the part, insure Figure 3.3. So, the material has no effect on and this is the reason it is called theoretical stress-concentration factor.Figure 3.3 Stress concentration factor versus dimensionsThe analysis of geometric shapes to determine stress-concentration factors is a difficult problem, and not many solutions can be found. Most stress-concentration factors are found by using experimental techniques. Though the finite-element method has been used, the fact that the elements are indeed finite prevents finding the accredited maximum stress. Experimental approaches generally used include photo-elasticity, grid methods, brittle-coating methods, and electrical strain-gauge methods. Of course, the grid and strain-gauge methods both suffer from the same drawback as the finite-element method (Budynas and Nisbett, 2007).In this study and for the load cell, the simulation demonstrated that the stress is concentrated at two main regions represented at A and B. Stresses are aso concentrated at the wander holes, as demonstrated in Figure 3.4. As shown, there is a considerably sharp rise of the stress at these locations because the strain gauges at set(p) at the middle section. Also, this section is of considerably small area compared with the other load cell s cross sections.Figure 3.4 Areas of concern for stress concentration in the load cell3.4 Restraints justificationWith the aim of calculating the stress and strain in the middle section of the load cell, the appropriate restraint is used. As we know, the line of action of the applied load, at the upper seat hole, is through a M10 screw. Meanwhile, screw of same size is used to fix the load cell at its bottom base. Accordingly, for the idealisation purposes, it can be said that all the degrees of freedoms (DOFs) are restrained at the location of the hole at the bottom surface, see Figure 3.5.Figure 3.5 Schematics of the first problem Idealisation stepIn the second step of the problem idealisation, it was assumed that by tightening the screw in the bottom face hole of the load cell will cause all the degrees of freedom to be restrained. Accordingly, this condition can cause decreased simulation lead time and enhance the results, see Figure 3.6.Figure 3.6 Schematics of the second problem Idealisation stepAs it is clear, varied restraint conditions produce variants of boundary conditions. Finally, in the third idealisation, it is assumed that the load cell can rotate about its y-axis to bring the results as close as possible to reality, see Figure 3.7.Figure 3.7 Schematics of the third problem Idealisation step3.5 Load justificationIn this section, justifying the applied load is considered throughout the hole of the upper seat. In the first step of the idealisation process, it was assumed that the load is to be applied to affect on the edges of the hole. Therefore, the tension stress transfer to the middle section of load cell where the measurement of stre sses and strains are needed, see Figure 3.8.Figure 3.8 First idealisation step required for the load justificationThe applied force transfers to whole the upper section, there, this points that considering a uniform distributed load in upper section might be a proper assumption. Therefore, to apply the consequent idealisation, uniformly distributed load was allowed to takes an affect directly on the upper section. In the first idealisation, the magnitude of point load was assumed to be 300 N. Therefore, the magnitude of the uniformly distributed load (UDL) is found to be 2.3 N/m2, which is equal to the magnitude of point load, see figure 3.9.Figure 3.9 Application of the uniformly distributed loadIn the third idealisation, the applied load is assumed to act by means of the M10 screw and throughout the whole upper hole, see Figure 3.10. This assumption is very close to reality and may present very good results which are in good agreement with the hand calculation of stress and strain .Figure 3.10 Applied load act by M10 screw throughout the upper hole3.6 Element typeThe largest commercial finite element packages, which have facilities to solve stress and a variety of sphere of influence problems, might easily have more than one hundred different finite element available for the user. The selection of which element to use by abandoned problem is not as difficult it might first appear, first, the type of problem to be analysis, secondly, the chosen dimensionality of the module restricts range .Before choosing the element type the form should try to predict what is taking place in the problem to be examined. Figure 3.11 shows a typical range of element.Figure 3.11 Typical ranges of elements4. Discussion of Results4.1 human face ratioThe finest accuracy value can be guaranteed with the use of elements meshed using uniform perfect tetrahedral as solid mesh, which has equal length edges. For a general geometry, it is impossible to create a mesh of perfect tetrahed ral elements. Due to small edges, curved geometry, thin features, and sharp corners, some of the generated elements can have some of their edges much longer than others. When the edges of an element become much different in length, the accuracy of the results deteriorates. It should be noted that the shape of mesh is critical to analysis as higher density improves solution at the cost of increased computational time. The simple geometry require fewer elements, more complexity requires increased density and the mesh shape is related to the loads and the boundary conditions.The fount ratio of a perfect tetrahedral element is used as the basis for calculating aspect ratios of other elements. The aspect ratio of an element is defined as the ratio between the longest edge and the shortest normal dropped from a vertex to the opposite face normalized with revere to a perfect tetrahedral (Belyaev, 1979 Rao, 2010). By definition, the aspect ratio of a perfect tetrahedral element is 1.0. Th e aspect ratio check assumes straight edges connecting the four corner nodes. The aspect ratio check, see Figure 4.1 is unbiddenally used by the program to check the quality of the mesh.Figure 4.1 Aspect ratio checks4.2 Jacobian checkThe elements with the parabolic nature can be effectively used with the curved geometry shapes. It is therefore expected to result in more accurate predictions compared with the linear elements even if they are of similar size. In this case, the elemental nodes (on the middle side) of the boundary corners can be situate on the model s real geometry. However, these placements of nodes can cause distorted elements with crown of thorns by edges, in boundaries of very sharp curvature. Accordingly, the Jacobian of such distorted element would be of negative values, which can cause cancelled software operation of analysis. Selected points situated within each model element can be used to perform the Jacobian checks. The software package allows the user to select the Jacobian check limits i.e. using 4, 16, or 29 nodal Gaussian points.The Jacobian ratio of a parabolic tetrahedral element, with all mid-side nodes located exactly at the middle of the straight edges, is 1.0. This ratio increases with the curvatures of the edges. At a point inside the element, this ratio provides a measure of the degree of local elemental distortion. The software calculates the Jacobian ratio at the selected number of Gaussian points for each tetrahedral element, see Figure 4.2. Based on stochastic studies, it is generally seen that a Jacobian ratio of forty or less is acceptable. The software adjusts the locations of the mid-side nodes of distorted elements automatically to make sure that all elements pass the Jacobian check (Belyaev, 1979 Rao, 2010).Figure 4.2 Jacobian ratio checks4.3 Connectivity of elements and mesh gradingTo achieve an accurate result we need to check the connectivity of all elements so precisely. Any discontinuity may result in large error in stress or strain or displacement calculation in purposed area. With the aim of this, after checking all the area of the load cell, no dis-connectivity was observed. Also mesh grading illustrated in Figure 4.3.Figure 4.3 Mesh grading checksIn areas of the model where there are high stress gradients it is normally necessary to use more elements to obtain a high quality solution. Often this will happen automatically when an automatic mesh generator is used. This is because the mesh generator uses the segments (e.g. arcs, straight lines, surfaces) of the solid model as a starting point for the mesh. Since the high stress gradients will be around geometry that changes within a short distance, these seeding features will be small. However, it may be necessary to control mesh quality either to force little elements where they have not been automatically generated or to allow larger elements where the analysis does not need to be accurate.4.4 Displacement and stress discontinuity The plot representing displacement variations can be utilised for displacement discontinuity checks (Barrans, 2010). This can solely takes place at the elements connected incorrectly. It also takes place for the improperly defined geometries so slivers and small gaps can exist as a blackboard. Checking the displacement of load cell visually shows that there is no displacement discontinuity, see Figure 4.4.Figure 4.4 Displacement discontinuity checks later on the nodal displacements rating, the code continued to evaluate, for each element, the strain and stress values, separately. The stress was evaluated at specific element points, which are intentionally placed to enable having accurate outcomes and they are termed Gaussian or quadrature. After calculating the stresses at these points, the code calculated the nodal stresses for each element by extrapolation. For an exact solution, all elements should give identical stress values at their common nodes. While the displacement field obtained by FEA was continuous, stress field was discontinuous from an element to another. Different elements give stress values that are generally different at a common node. The code calculated the nodal stress, see Figure 4.5, at common node by averaging the values at the contributing elements (Belyaev, 1979 Rao, 2010).Figure 4.5 Nodal stresses evaluation4.5 Sensible displaced shapeFigure 4.6 shows, and as predicted, the most sensible displaced section is the middle section of the load cell.Figure 4.6 most sensible displaced section4.6 Approximate stress and displacementAs shown in Figures 4.7 through 4.9, the results of the simulation are in good agreement with the hand calculation of stress and strain.Figure 4.7 Manually evaluated stresses are as the tag value (4.92 x107N/m2)Figure 4.8 Manually evaluated strain values are about the marked value (1.46 x10-4)Figure 4.9Justification of stresses matching4.7 Stress discontinuityIn order to evaluate the stress discontinuity, three v alues are requires for the principle stress, which are the maximum, mid and the nominal value. The dark spots represent the places at which there is stress discontinuity, see Figure 4.10.Figure 4.10 Discontinuity in the values of stresses in the adjacent elements.Stress discontinuity evaluationThe values of the principle stresses at different shown in figure 4.11 were evaluated and then used to calculate the stress discontinuity. The stress values and displacement are also shown.Figure 4.11 Values of the stresses in the adjacent elementsThe stress discontinuity at each node is evaluated fromStress discontinuity (%) = =Stress discontinuity (%) = 17.12 %It should be noted that the nearly zero displacements at the two nodes used in the calculations proved the right choice of constrains of the complete fixation of the seating face.4.8 Convergence study displacement and stressFigures 4.12 and 4.13 show the stress and displacement convergence plots. These figures demonstrated the conver gence with continue solution using the software as plotted against the loop numbers.Figure 4.12 Stress convergence diagramFigure 4.13 Displacement convergence diagramMoreover, Table 4.1 shows the convergence results for Von-Mises stress values at different nodes. Also the presentation of these stresses against the number of elements is given in Figure 4.14.Table 4.1 Stress convergence at different nodesNodeFigure 4.14 Von Mises stress versus elemental numberAlso, Table 4.2 shows the convergence results for the displacement values at different nodes. Also the presentation of these displacement values versus the number of elements is given in Figure 4.15.Table 4.2 Displacement convergence at different nodesNode4Figure 4.15 Displacement stress versus elemental number5. ConclusionLoad cell unit has been modeled using the finite element software. As well, hand calculations were performed to evaluate the values of the stresses and displacement. The load cell was first idealised so as to e ase the modelling processing. The model was built and the predicted results showed that the displacement was higher at the mid sections of the load cell. The predicted results when compared with the manual calculations showed good agreement for the stress and displacement.

Criminology Essays Criminal Cult Crime

Criminology Essays Criminal Cult CrimeCriminal Cult CrimeCHaPTER 1 presentationa vile cult is a assembly or movement trooping a higher or excessive homage or dedication to most psyche, idea. Criminal cults commit horrors ranging from homicide, (Branch Davidians, 1993), arson, drug trafficking, terrorism (aum shinrikyo, 1995), burglary, suicide, (Heavens furnish, 1997), and child abuse (Hargon Krishnas, 1990). some(prenominal) individuals in party sustain wondered active prevalence of savage cults in recent decades (Lottick, 2005). since 1960, mental health professionals estimate that two to five million americans have been involved with wicked cult groups the 1960s (Langone, 2003). adults and youths can become criminal cult members. Most criminal cult members come from normal, functioning families, and argon educated.Youths overwhelmed by school and p atomic number 18ntal demands and perplexed by society may agree with a criminal cult (singer, 2003). a limited examp le of destructive cults are presented here, such as the Branch Davidians, led by David Koresh 1981 to1993, aum shirinkyo, led by shoko asahara from 1987 to 1995, (Parachini, 2005). In 1969, on that point has been a 13% incr ataraxis in the Us of criminal cults established since 2002 (Fagan, 2004).Get help with your essay from our expert essay writers downplay since the 1980sfundamentalists movements have tripled in size (Ranstorp, 2002). Religious violence fills the pages and media each and everyday (Kent, 2004). There are thousands of unrecognized stark naked spectral movements in society (Perlmutter, 2004). at no time in history as today, have more religions existed. society now faces more holy terrors from gauzy and new dangerous cults (Kent, 2004). Many cults resort to violence when the group happens exist by society and young and inexperience leaders resort to violence when threatened from inside or removed the group (Traverton et al, 2005, p. xiv).Law enforcement needs to understand the complexity of sacred differences and the problems new religious movements may arrive (Perlmutter, 2004). Police agencies have a ch solelyenge to follow the danger many cults impose on society (szubin et al, 2002). Cult groups can turn to violence a inferst society (Langone, 2007). Cult group vary in size, assorted in doctrines, and perceive the world different (szubin et al, 2002).Many high-profile events can be linked to cults (Merton Bromley, 2002). abusive religions are usually detached from society (Kent, 2004). according to Jinkins (2004) bang religions and cults have often caused fear in the United states (Lewis, 2004). Criminal cases that have received the most attention include the Peoples Temple, Branch Davidians, aum shinrikyo (1995), solar Temple, and Heavens Gate (Lewis, 2004). Groups with apocalyptic expectations are prone to violence due to their world view condemning the existing social order (Lewis, 2004). since many millennial groups regard themselves as the vanguard of the new order, there is a tendency to disregard the existing normative order.according to Kaminer, (2002) religion can cause cruelness and bigotry. all religions have murdered in the name of deity (Marty, 2002). Religious terrorism is violence committed of fulfilling a divine command (Lerner Lerner, 2006). Killing in the name of God has escalated in todays society (Traverton et al, 2005). Most americans can not comprehend religious violence (Marty, 2002). according to Perlmutter, (2004), religious terrorists never consider their ruddy acts as terrorism. Religious extremists commit savage attacks against society in the name of God (Traverton, 2005). Many religious terrorists bequeath even risk their lives and the lives of innocent bystanders in suicide missions (Lerner Lerner, 2006). There are similarities among terrorism and cults (Mansfield, 2003). The success of a suicide mission earns them martyrdom and an elite place in the afterlife (Lerner Lerner, 2006, p. 1). Terrorists take up very hard in order to succeed in their violent acts (Jackson, 2005). according to Perlmutter (2004) religious terrorism is any act of violence or threatened use of violence by a group or individual with the intent of intimidating individuals, citizens or governments in the furtherance of religious objects (p. 2).according to Gesy, (2003) adolescents who exhibit hostile behaviors do not see themselves as connected to society, nor depending on society. They cut themselves off believing that they are dependent in an attempt to take something they think is new and better. Religious cults criticize society and claim to create a better society for adolescents. according to Richmund (2004) many cults are destructive and artful towards members and society. Law enforcement officers have found the connection between satanism and crime (Karlsberg,).Certain cults in society target teenagers (Richmund, 2004). according to Karlsberg, satanism is a threat to the United states and teenagers. satanism is a concern to lawfulness enforcement agencies because of the violent and bazaar incidents (p. 1) involving satanic practices. satanism consists of many different beliefs and practices (Lowney, 2002). The Church of satan teaches that there are no standards for being a satanist (Tamara Roloff, 2002). Teenage satanists are known to have committed physical abuse, stabbings, and mutilating other teenagers (Richmund, 2004). There are satanists that visit cemeteries and churches to perpetrate rituals (Lowney, 2002). The cloak of secrecy allows satanists to avoid being arrested by law enforcement officers (Lewis, 2004).Problem statementThe planetary problem in this teaching is a lack of general access of teaching for effective law enforcement criminal investigation on criminal cults. Criminal cults commit crimes ranging from homicide, arson, drug trafficking, terrorism, burglary, suicide, and child abuse. The specific problem in this tr anslate is there is that there are barriers to obtaining accurate and immediate information to assist law enforcement officers in investigation with criminal cults. Due to the lack of law enforcement having current information regarding criminal cult activities, professional law enforcement groups concerned about criminal cults have no nationalized database of information and must rely upon private independent criminal cult awareness groups. The solution to information sharing is leadership (Ratcliffe. 2007, p. 7).Law enforcement personnel must take advantage of their information-rich environment (Ratcliffe. 2007, p. 1). erudition information allows leaders and decision makers to devise better policing and crime prevention, view of crime patterns, and criminal behavior ((Ratcliffe. 2007, p. 3).The appropriate method and question visualise ordain be a qualitative explore approach pattern. The general population of the proposed study will be United states federal, state, and ci ty law enforcement investigators and trainers.PurposeThe purpose of this qualitative phenomenological look study was to divulge and address the barriers that prevent federal, state, and city law enforcement personnel in the United states from obtaining accurate and immediate information on criminal cults. The qualitative approach is appropriate for this study because qualitative enquiry aims to achieve an in- knowledge understanding of a situation (Cooper schindler, 2006, p. 36).The appropriate bet design is conform to design. The survey design is appropriate because it allow the researcher to question the subjects of the study and collect their responses by personal style (Cooper schindler, 2006, p. 136). according to Creswell (2005) a questionnaire allows the participant to complete and slip away to the researcher (p. 360). The specific population group of the proposed study will be federal, state and city law enforcement personnel in that deal with cult investigations an d enforcement. The geographic location of the study will be the New York City. Relationships and comparisons will be made with the information obtained from the specific population of the study.significance of the studyThe significance of this qualitative phenomenological study is that it will commotion intuition information and strategies for federal, state and city law enforcement who deal with cult investigation and enforcement. The study is of the essence(p) because it will offer federal, state, and city law enforcement accurate and immediate information on criminal cults. according to Kotter, In order to substitute your face you must establish a sense of urgency, identify and discuss crisis, and form a guiding coalition (p. 50). The contribution this research may make to current and future generation is potence in dealing with criminal cults by accurate and immediate information on criminal cults. The contribution will also lead to further study in area of criminal cults .significance of study to the field of leadershipThe significance to the study to the field of leadership will allow leadership in federal, state and city law enforcement to collaborate in the area of criminal cult. Cult groups have the higher risk of breaking the law. according to Gebhardt, (2004), law enforcement officers are in the front line fostering citizens (p. 1). The results of this study will add to the body of leadership knowledge literature by getting rid of obstacles to change, and kick downstairs leaders in the organization who can implement the vision (Kotter, 1999, p. 50). Law enforcement must work, and face leadership challenges unneurotic (Gebhardt, p. 2, 2004). Management leads, directs, or manages the organization towards its goals Dantzker, p. 146, 2003). disposition of the studya qualitative method was appropriated for this research study because qualitative research allows an interpretive naturalistic approach to the subject matter (Denzin 1994, p. 2). The qualitative research arena is the natural setting with an attempt at interpreting and do sense of observable facts by the meaning people give to them. Qualitative research focuses on human behavior in a social, cultural, and political contexts in which they occur (salkind, 2003, p. 13). The qualitative approach refutes the existence of an external humankind (Joniak, 2002, p. 2). searle defines external reality as that which exists outside and independent of ones variation (1995, p. 154). Qualitative research embraces internal veracity with an understanding and appreciation of the knowledge acquired. Qualitative research is much more subjective than quantitative research and uses very different methods of collecting information, mainly individual, in-depth interviews and focus groups. The nature of this type of research is exploratory and open-ended. small numbers of people are interviewed in-depth and/or a relatively small number of focus groups are conducted. Participants are as ked to respond to general questions and the interviewer or group moderator probes and explores their responses to identify and define peoples perceptions, opinions and feelings about the topic or idea being discussed and to determine the degree of agreement that exists in the group. The quality of the findings from qualitative research is direct dependent upon the skill, experience and sensitivity of the interviewer or group moderator. This type of research is often less costly than surveys and is extremely effective in acquiring information about peoples communications needs and their responses to and views about specific communications. It is often the method of choice in instances where quantitative measurement is not required.a phenomenological survey design gave the researcher the opportunity to gather the appropriate information to the study. according to Cooper and schindler (2003) the research design constitutes the blueprint for the collection, measurement, and digest of data (p. 154). The appropriate research design for this study is in-person and telephone interviews and questionnaires distributed to law enforcement officers in the selected population. Research design serves as the plan and structure of investigation so conceived as to obtain answers to research questions (Cooper, 2003, p. 154).Hypothesis/Research QuestionsThe qualitative, ethnographic study provides answers to the next research questions1. Why should leaders care about cults or new religious movements?2. Why are cults a leadership problem?3. Why is lack of information a significant problem?It is clear that the generation of the cult of personality came about as a result of personal ambition within parties characterized by certain structural features. Principal among these was the low level of institutionalization of the party at all levels a lack of definition in leadership positions within a formally collective ethos added to a lack of certainty about tenure of office al all le vels of the structure. such structural factors were reinforced by circumstances of the partys growth in economically under-developed societies. a focus upon these structural characteristics of the partys constitution and of its social and temporal role location as elements of an explanation of the emergence of a personality cult is much more satisfactory than is an idealist focus upon political culture. The cult seems to make from the concrete circumstances of the political institutions at the time, rather than from some vague set of principles inherited mysteriously from the traditional political culture. These can at vanquish provide a cultural backdrop.In todays turbulent world, the spotlight on individual leaders and their performance grows ever brighter. Those organizations that are sustaining their value-and the reputation of their leaders-in these challenging generation have one thing in rough-cut leaders who pay attention to what they will leave behind them after they a re gone. They ask themselves what determine will sustain the organization over the long haul what people will say of them whether the organization they led will still be there to remember them and if so, what position they will hold in the organizations memory.The paradox at the heart of organizational leadership is that the leader must add value to the organization but must not take it away when he or she leaves. an essential part of a leaders job is to become dispensable through creating a culture of leadership that extends throughout the organization. When an organization becomes incapable and falls apart after the leader departs, the subsequent ruin is, in a sense, a validation of that leaders talent and evidence of the value added during his or her tenure. But it is also evidence of that leaders failure to endow the organization with the qualities needed to devolve previous achievements, the failure to nurture the conditions under which leadership can flourish. These reflecti ons point to the critical questions Why should leaders care about cults or new religious movements? Why are cults a leadership problem? Why is lack of information a significant problem?Theoretical FrameworkIn growing a theoretical perspective for examining the barriers to obtaining accurate and immediate information to assist law enforcement personnel in investigating cults committing crimes, several theories and concepts apply. several concepts and theories exists that address cults in society (Lifton, 2003 Juergensmeyer, 2001).The super Power syndromeaccording to Lifton (2003), the super Power syndrome describes deviant behavior as part of psychological and political constellation (p. xii). Individuals and groups find a need to eliminate vulnerability (p. 129) because they fear that vulnerability. Gruenfeld (2006) contends feeling powerless does not allow the individual or group to regulate their impulses and control behavior (as sited by Rigoglioso, 2006, p. 1). One maintains an illusion of invulnerability (Lifton, 2003) to feel powerful and in control. according to Gruenfeld (2006), power disinhibit the individual or nation (p. 1) and stop trying to control themselves (p. 3), (as cited by Rigoglioso, 2006).Cognitive Dissonance TheoryLeon Festinger invented the cognitive dissonance surmise in 1957 (aronsen, 2000, as cited by Kasdin, p. 141, 2000). Cognitive dissonance theory is considered important and provocative theory (p. 141). according to Festinger (1957) cognitive dissonance is psychological tension pertaining to the conditions that aroused the dissonance (Cohen, 1962). Festinger considered the social group as a source of cognitive dissonance (Matz and timberland, p. 22, 2005). Maintaining distant principles (e.g. logically incompatible beliefs) or rejecting reasonable behavior to avoid conflict can be increasingly maladaptive (non-beneficial) as the counterpane being bridged widens, and popular usage tends to stress the maladaptive aspect. Cogn itive dissonance is often associated with the tendency for people to resist information that they dont want to think about, because if they did it would create cognitive dissonance, and maybe require them to act in ways that depart from their comfortable habits. They usually have at least partial awareness of the information, without having moved to full bankers acceptance of it, and are thus in a state of denial about it. This irrational inability to incorporate rational information is perhaps the most common perception of cognitive dissonance, and this or another example of extreme maladaption would appear to be underlying many conceptions of the term in popular usage. according to Matz and Wood (2005), Festinger studied the reactions of doomsday group members when their apocalyptic predictions failed (Matz and Wood, p. 22).Cosmic War TheoryJuergensmeyer (2000) developed the Cosmic War Theory. The Cosmic War theory refers to the battle between the forces of evil against the forc es of good (Traverton, 2005). The New King James Version Bible (Revelation 20 8-9), describes the armageddon as, satan will be loosedand gather in Gog and Magog, to gather them together for battle and compass the beloved city and fire came down from God out of heaven and devoured them (p. 401). The forces of evil will be punished eternally in hell and the forces of good will be rewarded eternally by God on earth (NKJV Bible, Revelation 2012). Most world religions teach about the Day of Judgment (Traverton et al, 2005). The Cosmic War Theory is characterized by the justification of violence, operating on a divine time line, the perception of imminent victory, and making powerful those taking up the cause (p. xii). according to Traverton et al (2005), many terrorist groups including the al Qaeda, are dramatizing their cosmic war paradigm (p. xii). apocalyptic destruction is ideate as consuming flames (p. 32) that will devour evil doers (Lifton, 2003). according to the NKJV Bible, Rev elation 2010, and the Devil that deceived them was cast into the lake of fire and brimstone, where the beast and the false prophet are and shall be tormented day and night for ever and ever.anti-social Personality DisorderPsychology plays a central role in understanding cults or new religious movements. according to Burke (2006), asocial personality disorder (asPD) comprise of groupings of personality traits (p. 3). Blackburn (1998) states an individual with aggressive disposition will commit patterns of verbal or physical aggressive acts (as cited by Burke, 2006, p. 3). Burke (2006) identifies dominance over others and aggression as two prominent asPD traits. Hare (1993) states that psychopathy can affect everyone and abide under-identified in society (as cited by Burke, 2006, p. 4). according to Hare (1993) cult leaders with psychopathic behaviors can be identified (as cited by Burke, 2006, p. 4). according to Burke (2006), antisocial cult leaders engage in manipulation, dominati on, and exploitation for their own ends (p. 5).Charismatic Leadershipaccording to Hobbs and Higgs (2004), charisma, is the Greek word meaning gift of grace was introduced by Max Weber (1947). Weber defines charisma as a personal quality that sets a person apart from ordinary people (Choi, 2006). Leadership is not the same as expertise (Robinson, p. 1, 2005). according to Choi, (2006), the three components of charismatic leadership consist of envisioning, empathy, and empowerment (p. 24). subordinate empowerment transforms the organization (Yukl, 1989). Charismatic leadership attempts to transform the values, beliefs, and attitudes of followers ( conger eel and Kanungo, p. 7, 2000).Bennis and Goldstein (2003) statedGood leaders make people feel they are at the very heart of things and that,when they are, they are making contributions to the success of the organization. When that happens, they feel centered and that their work has meaning. Leadership gives the workforce a sense of its own meaning, significance, competence, community, and commitment (p. 5).according to Conger and Kanungo (1992), charismatic leadership has its negative side. according to Conger and Kanungo (1992) leaders can become extremely narcisstic leading to self-serving and grandiose aims, exaggerated behaviors, lose touch with reality, or become vehicles for pure personal gain (p. 211). according to Howell and avolio (p. 43, 1992) charisma is value neutral it does not distinguish between good ormoral and evil or immoral charismatic leadership. This means the risksinvolved in charismatic leadership are at least as large as the promises.Charisma can lead to blind zealotry in the service of megalomaniacs anddangerous values, or to heroic self-sacrifice in the service of a beneficial cause.Definition of termsFor the purpose of this qualitative study, the following terms and words are delimitbelowLeadership Leadership is defined as the process organizational members are influenced to facilita te the meeting or the organizational goals and objectives (Dantzker2003, p. 146,).Cults Cults are claimed to be deceitful. They are claimed to be harmful to their members. They are claimed to be undermining american values. (Lindlof 1995 , p. 124)Criminal Of, involving, or having the nature of crime. (Conger et. al. 1997 , p. 55)Law Enforcement a person employed by a local, state, tribal, or Federal justice agency including law enforcement, courts, district attorneys office. (Howell 1992 , p. 66)Terrorism The calculated use of unlawful violence or threat of unlawful violence to inculcate fear intended to coerce or to intimidate governments or societies in the pursuit of goals that are generally political, religious, or ideological. (seale 1995 , p. 81)Religion a religion is a set of beliefs and practices often organized around supernatural and moral claims. (Denzin 1994 , p. 42)Religious Cult a system of religious worship devotion, homage to person or thing. (Denzin 1994 , p. 46)Nat ional Database National Data base is a powerful, fast, multi-jurisdictional search of United states criminal records database. (Howell 1992 , p. 106)self Esteem self-conceit can apply specifically to a particular dimension (for example I believe I am a good writer, and feel imperial of that in particular) (Lindlof 1995 , p. 236)assumptionsThe researcher has three basic assumptions for this qualitative research study. First, the researcher assumed the law enforcement and intelligence personnel fully understood the anonymity and confidentiality of the research study. second, participants of the study would respond providing their professional perceptions pertaining to the selected topic of the study and third, the researcher assumed the participants would offer their perspectives and input based on their perception that their feedback to the research study will benefit law enforcement and intelligence personnel.scope, Limitations, and Delimitationsafter the september 11, 2001 Terror ist attacks, law enforcement leaders need to take within the parameters of the law, a proactive aggressive approach in dealing with religious extremists. a lack of knowledge and intelligence about new religious movements trifles and delays law enforcement tactical and strategic public safety operations. duty is central to law enforcement leaders because law enforcement personnel are accountable to their agency, community, legal system, and delivery of services (Dantzker, 2003). Law enforcement plays a complex role in society (Walker Katz, p. 7, 2004). Management and leadership are important to an organization Dantzker, p. 146, 2003). at a tactical level, it is necessary to train and retrain the law enforcement, security and intelligence services, and the military to better understand and respond to the terrorist threat. There is a grave lack of knowledge and understanding of the ideologies, organizations and operations of the threat groups. For instance, instead of building the ca pabilities to break apart terrorist operations at the launch phase, government enforcement agencies must develop indicators for early detection. as precursors can be procured commercially from pharmacies, chemist stores and hardware stores to manufacture explosives, police force must work closely with the service sector to report suspicious procurement.The selected method of this study was a qualitative study. This qualitative study was limited to unless those participants that agreed to voluntarily participate in the study. The study was also limited by the number of participants and the amount of time required to answer questionnaires and phone interviews. The study is limited to active law enforcement officers in selected federal, state, and local law enforcement agencies.This qualitative study was confined to surveying law enforcement officers in various selected law enforcement agencies for this study. since no survey instrument was available, a survey instrument was develop ed to conduct this qualitative study.summaryMany individuals in society have wondered about prevalence of criminal cults in recent decades (Lottick, 2005). a criminal cult is a group or movement exhibiting a higher or excessive devotion or dedication to some person, idea. Criminal cults commit crimes ranging from homicide, (Branch Davidians, 1993), arson, drug trafficking, terrorism (aum shinrikyo, 1995), burglary, suicide, (Heavens Gate, 1997), and child abuse (Hare Krishnas, 1990).according to Kaminer, (2002) religion can cause cruelty and bigotry. all religions have murdered in the name of God (Marty, 2002). Religious terrorism is violence committed of fulfilling a divine command (Lerner Lerner, 2006). Killing in the name of God has escalated in todays society (Traverton et al, 2005). Law enforcement needs to understand the complexity of religious differences and the problems new religious movements may generate (Perlmutter, 2004). Police agencies have a challenge to determine t he danger many cults impose on society (szubin et al, 2002).CHaPTER 2 LITERaTURE REVIEWThis chapter, the literature review, identifies and analysis contemporary research on the area of new religious movements, leadership, religious violence, intelligence gathering and analysis, and the role of law enforcement. The purpose of this qualitative, ethnographic study is to identify and address the barriers that prevent federal, state, and city law enforcement personnel in the United states from obtaining accurate and immediate information on criminal cults.an extensive literature search was conducted through the electronic databases of EBsCO, ProQuest, and Questia. a total of 300 peer-reviewed articles, 45 books and 25 dissertations on new religious movements, leadership theories, intelligence gathering, motivation, and adolescent theories were reviewed. a gap in the literature was identified in this study. The gap is the lack of a central law enforcement database on cults for law enforce ment agencies to conduct research and comparisons on criminal cases related to cults. give-and-take Gathering and analysisHistorically, intelligence sharing with law enforcement agencies and intelligence agencies was done as little as possible (Isaacson and OConnell, 2002). Intelligence is interested in the association among individuals (scully, 2004, p. 1). The role of intelligence is a permanent and important part of the United states government (Cheltenham, p. 227, 2002). Intelligence sharing is very important with other agencies in the war against terrorism (Isaacson and OConnell, 2002).. Intelligence is information needed to make the United states safe (CIa, 2007). Proper analysis will protect the security of the United states of america (Isaacson and OConnell, 2002). Intelligence is defined in many ways. Intelligence is defined as Information that is gathered clandestinely through ease dropping or other data collection method (steele, 2006, p. 1).The art and Role of Intelligen ceIntelligence is defined as a product resulting from the collection, processing, integration, analysis, evaluation, and interpretation of available information concerning foreign countries or areas (Cole, 2005, p. 3). Criminal intelligence is the creation of intelligence knowledge product that supports decision making in the areas of law enforcement, crime reduction, and crime prevention (Ratcliffe. 2007, p. 8).Intelligence provides knowledge of the enemywhat the enemy is doing, capable of doing, and what they may do in the future (Coles, 2005, p. 3). social intelligence is an in depth knowledge of local culture and custom (scully, 2004, p. 1). The role of intelligence is looking for individuals who want to murder, change the world, and perceive others as the enemy (scully, 2004, p. 3). Cultural intelligence is defined as. an analysis of social, political, economical and other demographic information that provides understanding of a people or nations, history, institutions, psychol ogy, belief and behaviors (Coles, 2005, p. 1). Cultural intelligence allows the understanding as to why a people act as they do and how they think (Coles, 2005, p. 1). all source analysis is the consideration of every type of available information that helps in understanding a specific problem (Wolfberg, 2006, p. 40). In law enforcement, open-source information provides intelligence (Ratcliffe. 2007, p. 9). The intelligence community lacks training in thinking in effect about the worlds current security environment (Wolfberg, 2006, p. 35). Personnel need training in observation skills of their environment, and the people around them (scully, 2004, p. 4). There is a need to reconstruct how the intelligence community thinks (Wolfberg, 2006, p. 36). In todays world, violence has moved from great power to small states and individuals (scully, 2004, p. 1). Intelligence experts are surprise over the ruthlessness and violence of terrorists (Wolfberg, 2006, p. 35). Crime analysis and crimin al intelligence must blend together. Crime analysis provides the what is chance, and criminal intelligence provides the why it is happening (Ratcliffe. 2007, p. 2).Leaders make policy based on intelligence (CIa, 2007, p. 1). Information must be properly analyzed for relevance. The analyst needs to consider all possible vulnerabilities (Isaacson and OConnell, 2002). Information is the currency of intelligence (FBI, 2004). Intel

Occupational Health Psychology (OHP): Benefits and Uses

Occupational health Psychology (OHP) Benefits and UsesOccupational wellness psychology (OHP) is a branch of psychology that focuses on studying the health, safety and well-being of employees with respect to psychosocial factors and health hazards in the make believe environment. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) defines OHP as concerning the application of psychology to improving the quality of life, and to protecting and promoting the safety, health and well-being of workers. Examples of topics studied in OHP include stress, burnout, interpersonal conflict, workplace violence, harassment, mis plowment and other work related safety, employment and health issues. According to Leka (2010) The main contributing fields which led to the development OHP ar the applied psychology disciplines of health psychology and industrial-organizational psychology, whilst various other disciplines, such as economics, public health, sociology, industrial engineering, occupational health, and preventive medicine also provides knowledge towards OHP.The spiritual history of OHP passel be traced back to the beginning of the 20th century, although the term Occupation Health Psychology itself did not appear until the end of the same century. The Industrial Revolution proved to be a breeding ground for idea provoking ideas, such Marxs Theory of Alienation (1984), which examined the feats of work on the masses. Further work down the decades such as Taylors Principles of Scientific commission (1911), Mayos research on workers at an electric plant (1933), Trist and Bamforths study on UK coal miners (1951), Kornhausers research on statute mile car manufacturers (1965) and Gardells research on Swedish paper mill workers (1971) steadily built up and consolidated the subject of work related effect on workers and focused the prevention of the detrimental effects as a important topic of discussion inwardly the field of psychology.The term Occupational He alth Psychology and alike(p) phrases started to appear in mental literature around late 1980s, during the same period journals focused specific to this field, such as establish Stress, first published in 1987, were established. According to Leka Houdmont (2010), the term OHP was coined in Psychology doctoral training in work and heath by Raymond et al. (1990), which suggested that doctoral-level psychologists should undertake interdisciplinary OHP training. It was during this time the discipline of OHP was established and recognised.The discipline developed rapidly and several influential works emerged. More specifically, works by Quick et al. (1997) and Cox et al. (2000) fool greatly influenced the defining characteristics of OHP, these include recognition that OHP is an applied, multi-disciplinary scientific discipline driven by evidence often collected through subject participation, and that it is focused towards operable riddle solving and intervention. The emergence an d rapid development of OHP as a discipline is a direct consequence of the increasing concern and awareness over work related injury and stress, especially in intrinsically or hazardous or stressful occupations, such deep tunnel miners and fire fighters. Cardiovascular diseases are everyday results from such working conditions (Sharp.1988). The blackball impacts of hazardous or stressful working condition include decreased efficiency, decreased productivity, increased operational address and increased staff turnover rate for the organisation and reduced health, indigence, happiness and creative thinking for the individual workers. Overall the result is an unhealthy workforce and unhappy workplace.through and through the development of OHP, the typical risks associated with work and the ostracise impacts they exert on physical and psychological health are established. It is crucial to examine closely the potential factors that tummy affect the well-being of workers. As mentioned in Leka (2010), the practice of OHP allows an organisation to be able to identify, manipulate, prevent and anticipate the most influential detrimental factors so that the negative effects can be reduced, removed, or turned into a beneficial effect. The process of dealing with twain physical risks factors and mental risk factors are similar in the sense that the risk factors have to be identified first before they can be dealt with. For example, physical hazards such as slippery stairs have to be identified before they can be treated to prevent accidents the result is an overall increase in the physical well-being of workers. Likewise, the negative impacts caused by mental coerces have also to be identified first however unlike physical risks, the mental risks are not quite as clear and straight forward to recognize. In OHP, these mental risk factors are known as stressors.In order to identify and tackle the most common and important stressors, several theoretical assumes have eme rged that tries to describe why the people often feel stress during work. The initial main development came from Karaseks Demand-Control model (1979), which focuses on the characteristics of put-on demands and job control. Karaseks research revealed that workers who have high levels of job demand but at the same time low job control were disproportionately more likely to suffer from fatigue, burn-out, depression and cardiovascular disease. It also showed, perhaps un-intuitively, that workers with highest control and final demand did not have the lowest levels of illness rather the healthiest groups of individuals were the ones with moderate or even high demands, but also high levels of control. Another stress model is Warrs Vitamin Model (1987) which suggests that most job characteristics have a linear effect on mental health in the way analogous to how vitamins affect the body. That is specific job characteristics can produce beneficial effects up to a certain threshold, after w hich increased quality or quantity will have no come along effects. Examples of such job characteristics include salary, security, and task significance (Buunk et al. 1998). Alternately, other job characteristics such as job demands, social support and autonomy exhibit a curvilinear effect, where intermediate levels provide the most benefits to health, while high and low levels affect health negatively (van Veldhoven et al. 2002). In the nineties, Siegrists Effort-reward Imbalance model (1996) provided a new perspective that focus on a workers effort and reward ratio. People are more likely to become show if they put in more effort but do not see the expected results or rewards. The Effort-reward Imbalance model contains transactional features, and expands on the Demand-Control model in several areas.These theoretical models of stress allow organizations to quickly identify the not so apparent causes of work-related stress and take the appropriate measures to prevent the problems in both employee and employer (Griffiths, 1999). By applying one or more of the models, organisations are able to set up a framework of procedures that can anticipate potential sources of stress and downplay or eliminate them through primary intervention deal with employees response to stress and control the negative impact through secondary intervention and treat the symptoms of stress and rehabilitate those who are suffering through tertiary intervention. A well-constructed and maintained health and safety programme can achieve all of the preceding(prenominal) and provide great benefits to both the individual workers and the organisation as a whole.In conclusion, occupational health psychology allows organisations to be as effective as possible by identifying the main sources of hazards and stress, taking the appropriate preventive measures, and setting up well-managed health and safety programmes(,). OHP aims to protect employees health and well-being through practical manageme nt of their health and safety issues(). Procedures such as primary intervention and medical support have extensive benefits to the organisation as well as individual employees. The benefits to the organisation includes increased profit and productivity, conforming to legal framework therefore reducing the risk and cost of potential lawsuits improved staff attendance, motivation and performance better worker retention thus reducing worker turnover rate better public image and company profile fashioning it more attractive as an employer preventing disabling illness/disease and reduce potential for litigation and ability to identify causes, trends and patterns of low attendance and productivity within individual divisions and departments, providing the opportunity to take preventative measure and corrective action. Whilst the benefits to employees include safer, healthier working environment better interpersonal relations and cooperation greater happiness, productivity, creativity and morale improved life-outlook, general health and job satisfaction enhanced self-esteem and self-worth, reduced risk of injury, stress, conflict and burn-out.ReferencesBuunk, B. P., de Jonge, J., Ybema, J.F., de Wolff, C.J. (1991). Psychosocial Aspects of Occupational Stress. In P.J.D. Drenth, H. Thierry C.J.de Wolff (Eds.), Handbook of make and Organizational Psychology,145-182Cox, T., Baldursson, E., Rial-Gonzalez, E. (2000). Occupational health psychology.Gardell, B. (1971). Alienation and mental health in the modern industrial environment. In L. Levi (Ed.),Society, stress and disease(Vol. 1, pp. 148-180). Oxford Oxford University Press.Griffiths, A. Organizational interventions facing the limits of the natural science paradigm 1999Karasek Jr, Robert A. Job demands, job decision latitude, and mental strain Implications for job redesign 1979Kornhauser, A. (1965).Mental health of the industrial worker.New York Wiley.Leka, S. Houdmont, J. (Eds.) (2010).Occupational health psych ology. Chichester, UK Wiley-BlackwellMarx, K. (1967/1845). The German ideology. In L.D. Easton K.H.L. Guddat (Eds. and Trans.),Writings of the young Marx on philosophy and society. Garden City, NY Doubleday.Mayo, E. (1933)The human problems of an industrial civilization. New York MacMillan.Quick, James C., Camara, Wayne J., Hurrell Jr, Joseph J., et al. Introduction and historical overview. 1997Raymond, J.S., Wood, D., Patrick, W.K. (1990). Psychology doctoral training in work and health.American Psychologist, 45(10), 1159-1161.Sharp, D. S., Osterloh, J., Becker, C. E., et al. Blood pressure and blood lead concentration in bus drivers 1988Siegrist, J. (1996). Adverse health effects of high-effort/low-reward conditions, Journal of ccupational Health Psychology, 1, 27-41Taylor, F.W. (1911).The principles of scientific management. Norwood, MA The Plimpton Press.Trist, E.L., Bamforth, K.W. (1951). Some social and psychological consequences of the longwall method of coal getting.Human Relations, 14(1), 3-38.Van Veldhoven, M., de Jonge, J., Broersen, S., Kompier, M. Meijman,T. (2002). Specific relationships between psychosocial job conditions and job-related stress A three level analytical approach, Work Stress, 16, 207-228.Warr, P. (1987a). Work, unemployment, and mental health. Oxford Clarendon Press

Some Things Just Really Make Me Angry :: Education Educational Essays

Some Things Just Re all toldy Make Me AngryI was reading Chapter 2, Its all in the sign, of Danesis Messages and Meanings when I ran into a passage that, to come out it politely, just really made me angry. Angry because my interpretation of this passage brought back a plow of memories of events that I have had to deal with in my educational career. There were two sentences, in particular, that really ticked me off. The first wasIf a drawing instrument is put in the minors hand, that child will almost instinctively use it to draw--a skill that no one has imparted or transmitted to the child.The second wasThe child must be exposed to language in order of battle for him or her to acquire it that same child does not, however, need to be exposed to optical art in order for him or her to draw.These two seemingly innocent statements (that can be found on page 27 and which I have taken out of context) demoralise everything that I hold dear. There is a huge assumption in the first senten ce that drawing, as a skill, is innately obtained, especially when no one has imparted or transmitted to the child.Your naturally talented Your daughter has so much talent I wish I had your talent Your so creative Well, creative people are like that. I wish I could be as creative as you are Youre the artist of the chemical group/class/school/etc... Think of something creative/original/newAs I see it, these comments are not compliments of my ability to create visual images but at my gift, my talent. Hard work, practice, trial and error, learning the rules, processes, techniques or simple tricks..none of these are examined. The artistic process, to many, remains this mystical and quite godly transformation of something out of nothing and those with this gift of transformation are artistic. What it tells me as a teacher of the arts is this, that I am wasting my time toilsome to teach everyone, for there are only a talented few (please read the last sentence sarcastically).There is a nother point of contention that I have with the first statement. What I have taken out of context is the comparison that Danesi makes between language acquisition and drawing skill development. O.K. Danesi states that a child picks up a crayon (drawing instrument) and uses it to scribble naturally and spontaneously, without anyone imparting this knowledge to the child.

Elodea Essay -- Papers

ditchmoss Elodea is a genus of aquatic kit and boodles often called water weeds. Elodea is ingrained to North America and it is also widely used as marine museum vegetation. The introduction of some species of Elodea into waterways in parts of Europe, the Australia, Africa, Asia, and New Zealand has created a significant problem, and it is now considered a noxious weed in these areas. Elodea canadensis, sometimes called American or Canadican waterweed or Anacharis (a former scientific name) is widely know as the generic water weed. The use of these names causes it to be confused with similar-looking non-native plants like Brazilian elodea (Egeria Densa) or hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillata). American waterweed is an attractive aquarium plant, and is a good substitute for Brazilian elodea since it is native to Washingtons lakes, consortiums and rivers. American waterweed is usually fairly easy to distinguish from its more notorious relatives, like Braz ilian elodea and hydrilla. All of them have leaves in whorls around the stem. However, American waterweed has deuce-ace leaves per whorl, whereas hydrilla and Brazilian elodea almost always have more than three leaves per whorl. Brazilian elodea is also a much larger, bushy plant with longer leaves. American waterweed also looks very much like another native elodea, Elodea nuttallii, which generally has three narrower leaves per whorl. The American waterweed lives entirely underwater with the exception of small white flowers which bloom at the surface and are attached to the plant by delicate stalks. It produces winter buds from the stem tips that overwinter on the lake bottom. It also often overwinters as ... ... semi-shade (light woodland) or no shade. It can grow in water. Potting The Canadian pondweed grows better in cooler water. In temperatures above 70 F, it becomes spindly. This plant can be grown under 8 to 10 feet of water and bequeath eas ily reach the surface of the average water garden. This plant derives most of its nourishment from the water through its leaves its roots serve mainly to anchor it to the bottom, therefore, they may be planted in sand or pea gravel as well as soil. They may be anchored down and just dropped into the pond or planted in containers of sand or gravel. If they are only floated in the pond, too much sunlight and air will kill it. If angle dont keep this plant in check, it will need to be pruned back to prevent it from choking other water plants and taking up swimming home for fish.

George Orwells Nineteen Eighty-Four 1984 Essay -- essays research pa

Not so free after all extensive Brothers eyes are everyplace watching us everyday. The privacy we once had has dissipated. His focal point is in the sky like an eagle stocking its prey. The camera lenses of Big Brother dwell everywhere. Big Brother is always awake and has an eye on us. As of today, Big Brother has risen taller and mightier. He has gained the power to control what we can have knowledge about and has infiltrated into our private lives. George Orwells novel 1984, prophesied coming of our democracy of a negative utopia has been proven by current events. Today, the United States democracy is looking more like the totalitarian state of 1984. Tactics of persuasions to make citizens believe their economy is improving occurred in 1984 and now in ours. Big Brother regulated the media in Oceania just as America does now. Reporters fired from speaking to foreigners, lies Administrators from the party tell their citizens, imperialism to gain territory for natural resources, an d the reprisal from the government from individuals who seem unorthodox.Over the years in presidential elections, much bribery has been conducted to assure a nonher presidential term. Citizens expect and would take pleasure in a president who would improve the economy so they could live in a place that accommodates there budget. A current event that is taking place of such an issue is with Mr. President Bush. In an question that aired Sunday on CBS, Woodward, a Washington Post editor, said that Saudi Arabias ambassador to the United States, Prince Bandar bin Sultan, had promised President Bush that the Saudis would cut fossil oil prices before November to ensure the U.S. economy was strong on Election Day.(Schoen) With this on hand, many citizens with be lulled to believe Mr. Bush is doing a fantastic job with our economy, escalading to a re-election from the voters who were persuaded by Bushs plan. Of course, not everybody has heard of this prophesied event, because it never was made a real major issue that was broadcasted worldwide through the media. It was introduced once, then vanished so not to make a major scene. Probably when Mr. Bush seen somebody made a degrading report that may effect his re-election, he told his mavin Collin Powell, chairman of the FCC, to make it disappear or a least hide it. Just as the Party did in ... ...? Isnt this after all a democracy? Isnt democracy defined as a government by the people? Well, Mr. President Bush seems to abolish this definition, and so does Big Brother. The whole voice heard is Big Brothers.It seems like Mr. President Bush is an exact clone of Big Brother. He regulates the media on what to let us know and what not to know. Constant lies continuously being thrown at us, and for the most part, we believe them, because the party is in possession of absolute truth. We live in such a time where it is an exact simile of a prison. Where talking to one another is prohibited, freedom of speech is restricted, and forced to believe two plus two affect five. The telescreen is every where in our society, and a thought police exist. America is not viewed as it once was. We no longer can say America is the play of the free, because it isnt. Lady Liberty no longer stands for land of the free. America is a steal train driven by thieves that high jacked it, and we are the ones in a remote destination fueling it. Clueless on where we are going, and helpless in gaining control. The tracks are not laid out by us, but by the thieves that drive this monstrous machine.